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Relief
Relief printing is printing from the raised surface of a plank of wood or linoleum, which has been inked with a roller, brayer, or other tool. The cut or incised areas do not print. The recessed areas may only print when they are inked in the same manner as an etching plate, and then wiped clean leaving ink in the recesses. Relief printing may be accomplished either by using a press or by hand. Relief printing includes woodcuts, linocuts, wood engravings, or type for printing text.
Intaglio
Intaglio printing is printing below the surface of an incised or etched metal plate using a variety of techniques and tools. Ink is applied to the recessed areas of the printing plate by a dabber. The excess ink is scraped off with a squeegee and the surface wiped clean with a tarletan. For intaglio printing, the paper is dampened so that under pressure, it will be squeezed into all the inked recesses of the plate. Engraving, etching, drypoint, mezzotint, photogravure, photoetching, aquatint, and collagraph are intaglio techniques.
Screenprinting
Screenprinting is the process of printing through the surface of fiber such as silk or polyester stretched tightly over a frame. Images are created by stencil method, which can be combinations of hand-drawn and photographic techniques. The screen frame is hinged to a base or table, and with the use of a squeegee, the image is printed by forcing the ink through the open areas of the screen onto the surface of the paper positioned under the screen frame. Screenprinting may be applicable to many surfaces or materials.
Innovative Techniques
Other printing processes may include photocopy art, computer generated imagery, offset-lithography mixed media, artists' books, and sculptural or three-dimensional prints. These methods often incorporate glass, metal, wood, fiber, ceramics, and plastic.
Lithography
Lithography is a planographic printing process, which is chemical in principle, based on the antipathy of grease and water. The printing elements used are grained limestone slabs and grained aluminum or zinc plates. Image areas are created with lithographic crayons, pencils, rubbing ink, and tusche (ink) which all contain grease and wax. The completed image is treated with an acidified gum arabic solutions, thus producing water-receptive non-printing areas and ink (grease) receptive image areas next to one another. Before printing, the image areas are washed out with solvents, a printing base applied, and the gum film washed off with water. During the inking process with a roller, the stone or plate is kept continuously damp. When fully inked the paper is laid directly on the stone or plate and pressure is applied from a bar or roller on the press. Other methods of producing lithographic images are transfer lithography, photolithography, and offset.
Monotype/Monoprint
The monotype/monoprint is a unique, one of a kind print. Although monotypes and monoprints involve distinctly different processes, the two terms are often mistakenly used for each other. A monotype is a single print pulled from a glass or metal surface on which ink or paint has been applied. The image can be transferred to paper by hand rubbing or with a press. A monotype remains a one of a kind print because it contains no repeatable image from which a perfect, identical second impression can be made. A monoprint begins with a repeatable (such as an etched plate), which could, if desired, be editioned to produce a series of like impressions. A series of monoprints, all derived from the same plate but then individually hand-manipulated, is often called a "unique edition" and is signed and numbered accordingly.
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